THE DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A GRAIN GRINDING MACHINE
Abstract
A grinding machine, often shortened to grinder, is any of various power tools or machine tools used for grinding, which is a type of machining using an abrasive wheel as the cutting tool. Each grain of abrasive on the wheel's surface cuts a small chip from the workpiece via shear deformation.
Grinding machine consists of a bed with a fixture to guide and hold the work piece, and a power-driven grinding wheel spinning at the required speed. The speed is determined by the wheel’s diameter and manufacturer’s rating. The grinding head can travel across a fixed work piece, or the work piece can be moved while the grind head stays in a fixed position.
Fine control of the grinding head or table position is possible using a vernier calibrated hand wheel, or using the features of numerical controls.
Grinding machines remove material from the work piece by abrasion, which can generate substantial amounts of heat. To cool the work piece so that it does not overheat and go outside its tolerance, grinding machines incorporate a coolant. The coolant also benefits the machinist as the heat generated may cause burns. In high-precision grinding machines (most cylindrical and surface grinders), the final grinding stages are usually set up so that they remove about 200 nm (less than 1/10000 in) per pass - this generates so little heat that even with no coolant, the temperature rise is negligible.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATION
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Material selection
- the grinding limit
- The construction and Design methods
LIST OF SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS UNITS
N – Factor of safety Kilogram
M –Mass Kilogram
Dia – Diameter Meters.
M – Bending Moment Meters
T – Torque Newton meter
V – Velocity Newton – second
T – Time Seconds
I – Moment of inertial Kilogram (meter)
g. – Acceleration due to grarity Newton (meter)
G – Modulus of rigidity Newton (meter)
P – Pressine Newton (meter)
p. – Power Kilowatts
F – Force Newton’s
H – Height Meter
Rpm – Revolution per minute
R – Radius Meter
V – Volume Meter
Wt – Weight Newton’s
D – Density Kilogram – mater
Pc – Critical Load Newton
L – Length Meter
W – Width Meter
S – bending stress Newton
Y – Tensional strell Newton /meter
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page ii
Release page iii
Letter of transmittal iv
Signature page v
Approval page vi
Dedication vii
Acknowledgement viii
Abstract ix
List of illustration x
List of symbol xi
Table of contents xiii
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
- Purpose of construction 2
- Importance and specification of the project 3
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review 9
- Handgrinding method 10
- Direct linkages and its limitation 10
- Refined Design and its specification 12
CHAPTER THREE
Material Selection 18
- Material selection and Design of shaft 21
- Selection and location of Bearing 22
- Electric Motor Selection 24
- Selection Of Pulley Material 25
CHAPTER FOUR
The grinding Unit 26
- The frame 27
- The spinning shaft 28
- Belt Drive 33
CHAPTER FIVE
Construction and Design Method 38
- Metal Hopper 38
- The grinding Unit 39
- Outlet 39
- Barrel 39
- Perforated metal 40
- Sequence of Assembly 40
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
We have participated indeed in mass grinding of grain using the most primitive. Cumbersome and difficult method of hand grinding, which encourages time consuming, and human stressfulness. Grain such as Corn otherwise known as “Oka” in Igbo tribe is mostly used seed across all the tribe in country today. It is widely used in homes, hotels and schools for eating and seeding process (when dried). It is therefore hardly to see any Nigerian who has not tested it in one way or the other.
Now, since it is very imperative for dieting inclusively, it can be refined to form varieties of food supplementary diet such as making of Akamu (pap), semuviter corn powder, corn mill etc.
Today, in our industrial sectors such as ceramics and biscuit industry, it is widely used for making of biscuit, flouring for baking of bread, and corn Mill. Infect to summers all these, junked food that are baked in supermarket today are mostly involves corn in making them.
In the light of this as technology advances forward, on introduction of this machine (grinder) made manifest and come into existence which is more stressless, easy to operate, low costing and time reduction with high degree of production volume and efficiency modifications have also been made it possible to be manually and electro – mechanical operated types depending on the choice of design and the speed of shaft required
Today, with the aid of this, it has created availability of grain grinder even in the market which indeed removed our difficulties and impossibilities when using and engaging with the modern method of design.
- PURPOSE OF CONSTRUCTION
This project is meant to achieve the following purpose
- To design and fabricate grain grinder which easy to operate with high degree of efficiency
- To design and fabricate a machine (grain grinder) that would save time and cost, with high degree of production volume.
- To design and construct a grain grinder that would not have much breaking effect of grains during the process.
- To design and construct a grain grinder that is economical and have little or no complication in maintenance
- To design and construct a grain grinder with high percentage at local technology
- To design and construct a machine that is cost effective and manual stress reduction
- IMPORTANCE AND SPECIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
The importance attached to this design is the facilitation and the production of voluminous grain grinder without much time and without recounting much grinding of the grains of the corn in shortest possible time
The specification was obtained considering the items or component used and the hopper and barrel dimensions put into consideration as well.
The sign parameter for grain grinder machine are.
- BARREL
- Outer barrel – The barred do not rotates with the shaft rather stands on itself inside the grinder chambers. It is a half of cylindrical shaped perforated below to enable grinded corn to rush out to the conveyor to the outlet or basin. It is weld and tight at the endwise of the structure; they are flanges at end for the location of the bearings for the shaft. At the lower end of one is an open segments serving as outlet for the cobs and a hood is built covering it.
Entrance
Out barrel with role below.
Spike
Fig 1 
Outer for cobs
Vanes
- Inner barrel – This cylindrical Barrel rotates with the shaft support by end-to-end bearings. The diameter of the shaft is ……………… mm and for the inner barrels diameter is 60…mm having 20 numbers of spikes measuring…mm from the barrel surface and also wounded varies that does the shelling process.
Diameter of inner barrel is …mm and its length is…mm and consequently the diameter of the shaft…mm and having a length of ….mm.
Below in the diagram of the inner barrel
Fig 2
HOPPER
This is similar to a port the different is that it is bigger and covered like the port. It is either trapezoid or rectangular in shape, each shape chose have its advantage and disadvantage. It has an entry through which the corn caters the shelling chamber and the inner engulfing the shaft. It is obtained after cutting a mild steel and welded it with guage 12 electrode and it is dimension as.. 260 x 250 mm x 260 mm.
The diagram is as follows
Fig 3
- RECEPTACLE
This is the outer funnel that collect the grinded corn from the conveyor to the outside
- SPIKES
This is the rod attached to the surface of inner barrel, which does the grinding process with the inner barrel and spring vanes. It is to 20 in number and measured …mm vertically up from the barrels surface each.
- COB OUTLET.
This is an exit via which cobs goes out of the barrel after grinding process.
- CONVEYOR
This is a carrier that carries the cobs out of the barrel after grinding process
- DISCHARGES CHAMBER
These are the holes perforated below the outer barrel through which the grinded grain corn falls put to the conveyor.
- COLLECTION / OUTLET BASIN
This is curved mild steel welded below the perforated outer barrel inclined to enable the falling out of the grinded corn to the receptacle.
- `INLET
This is the particular place in the hopper through which the corn enters the shelling unit/chamber for grinding process it is measured as mm length mm width.
- SPINNING VANES
This is made up flat tiny metal welded round the inner barrel together with the spikes it is the part of the machine where the corn are been grinded.
It is also placed and horizontally wound the inner barrel and should be capable of withstanding impact from the corn and possesses good chemical resistance, high working temperature (100%) and tensile strength.
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